Recall: PAP(s): A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. In the war to which such an armaments race is likely to lead, the United States, with its agglomeration of population and industry in comparatively few metropolitan districts, will be at a disadvantage compared to nations whose populations and industry are scattered over large areas. They did not become known as "The Federalist Papers" until the 20th century. 1969 Journal of Philosophy, Inc. When discussing alternate possibilities, then, the notion of alternate possibilities should be understood to mean that there is at least one alternate possibility that is considered morally praiseworthy, or at the very least not immoral. The key aspect of this solution he termed autostrades, elevated motorways 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the pedestrian domain on the ground. They would point out that the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war would affect not only the warring nations but also the entire world. Frankfurth cases, alternate possibilities, and prior signs. What I have argued is that there is nothing to be gained, in terms of moral instruction, by insisting on PAP as a necessary condition for moral accountability. Avoid the most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal Explain why the objections doesn't seem to work. Rjwala is your freely social learning platform. Palmer, D. (2011). By making PAP sufficient rather than necessary for moral responsibility, it is still the case that anyone who satisfies (a) and (b) is held to account, morally. Why Frankfurt-examples dont need to succeed to succeed. Moreover, PAP as a sufficient condition hereafter PAP(s) has the advantage of being able to withstand Frankfurt-style counter-examples without, I contend, losing its efficacy as a maxim for moral responsibility. Connect to Locke's argument about the prisoner. If no choice of targets, with a total area of five hundred square miles of American territory, contains a large enough fraction of the nation's industry and population to make their destruction a crippling blow to the nation's war potential and its ability to defend itself, then the attack will not pay, and may not be undertaken. It is 980 too many. With the convenience of modern transportation and future innovations to come, Wright asks why proximity to the city is important. honoris causa by the University of British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2. editors. Enough to make our 1st order desire free, but is it enough to explain responsibility. Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. Her doves names are Juliette, Musetta, and Luigi. The power lines damagedbythestorm\underline{\text{damaged by the storm}}damagedbythestorm needed repairs. In no other type of warfare does the advantage lie so heavily with the aggressor. Why deck or double-deck or triple-deck the city streets at a cost of billions of dollars, only to invite increase and meet inevitable defeat? Wright asks of Le Corbusiers autostrades. And that's the way . In both (1) and (2), S is morally responsible for E in W2 because, within each scenario, S satisfies PAP(s) in W2; and, as we have seen, PAP(s) provides sufficient justification for the ascription of moral responsibility. What this means is that alternate possibilities are necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility but not necessarily in the form by which one could have acted otherwise on a given occasion, as the original formulation of PAP demands. I therefore seek to distinguish between alternative possibilities in the form of the alleged necessity of being able to do otherwise on a given occasion, which S cannot satisfy in Frankfurt-style scenarios, and which I do not consider to be necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility (although, to reiterate, I accept it is sufficient), and the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition. He then sets out, using his now famous counter-example involving Jones and Black, to show that PAP is false. Harry Frankfurt's description of the distinctly human quality of forming desires about their desires, opinions about their opinions. - 103.138.151.18. Neither architect lived to see their vision come true, but both were right about some aspects of their future, todays present. In the following sentence, underline the collective noun once. Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument for an international agreement would likely argue that nuclear weapons pose a global threat that cannot be addressed by individual states alone. The legitimacy of Frankfurts challenge to PAP as necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility has been debated extensively over the years. Ultimately, they would argue that only through collective action and cooperation can we ensure global peace and security in the nuclear age. south glens falls school tax bills mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis It is able to do this without succumbing to Frankfurt-style counter-examples. What is collective representation? Question 16 options: ProStarSolar > Blog Classic > Uncategorized > contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR, JUNE 1945. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have. Production of nuclear explosives begins with the processing of large quantities of uranium in large isotope separation plants or huge production piles. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Explain the "Frankfurt case" of Jones & Black argument against PAP. Also, we have arguably not yet made the progress toward seamless technological integration he had hoped for. They would point out that the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war would affect not only the warring nations but also the entire world. answer choices. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(3), 551565. Csar Franck was born in Belgium but established his career as a composer, organist, and influential teacher in France, most prestigiously at the Paris Conservatoire and at the church of Sainte-Clotilde. In 1923, the Journal was incorporated in the State of New York under its present name. England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. It must be stressed that if one takes the pessimistic point of view and discounts the possibility of an effective international control over nuclear weapons at the present time, then the advisability of an early use of nuclear bombs against Japan becomes even more doubtful -- quite independently of any humanitarian considerations. 231248). As such, S fails to satisfy both PAP(s) and the twin world condition, and should not therefore be held to account, morally. We cannot simply say that S is morally responsible because he decided to do E and then did E (hereafter, doing E includes deciding to do E). , tions that representatives take on the basis of their party caucuses What is Frankfurt's view on this? contemporaries who agreed with franck's argumentmarc d'amelio house address. Irrespective of which world one is referring to, then, S should be morally condemned for performing E in (1) but morally praised for the action carried out in (2). After such a demonstration the weapon might perhaps be used against Japan if the sanction of the United Nations (and if public opinion at home) were obtained, perhaps after a preliminary ultimatum to Japan to surrender or at least to evacuate certain regions as an alternative to their total destruction. Beyond the towers themselves, his vision includes broader recommendations for city life, most notably the separation of pedestrians and cars. A number of theorists have concerned themselves with the question of whether alternate possibilities nevertheless remain amounting to a flicker of freedom (Fischer 2002) and therefore whether Frankfurt-style counter-examples in general constitute a legitimate challenge to PAP (see Fischer 1994; Janzen 2013; Leon and Tognazzini 2010; Palmer 2011; Schnall 2001; Young 2007, by way of a small selection of papers on this). In fact, if the race for nuclear armaments is allowed to develop, the only apparent way in which our country can be protected from the paralyzing effects of a sudden attack is by dispersal of those industries which are essential for our war effort and dispersal of the populations of our major metropolitan cities. We believe that our acquaintance with the scientific elements of the situation and prolonged preoccupation with its world-wide political implications, imposes on us the obligation to offer to the Committee some suggestions as to the possible solution of these grave problems. This poster appeals to the US citizens by linking-, The World War II military action shown on Map 2 was significant because it-, forced Germany to fight the allies on eastern and western fronts, Using both maps and your historical knowledge, how do the maps exemplify one reason there is Soviet resentment towards the allies after World War II, the original allied strategy led to a significant number of soviet casualties despite soveit urging to spit German forces on two bonds, THE INDIVIDUAL TO SERVE THE NEEDS OF THE STATE, Fascist rule in italy under Mussolini was popular because it-, Promised a strong, confident government powers to the lower classes, who had been oppressed for centuries, How was Bolshevik Revolution in Russia similar to the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy-, Justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations-, Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal, nationalism in the Japanese population, making japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons, Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem-. 25 D. Held, Models of Democracy (1996), at 353, where he makes the important distinction between forms of accountability in general and democracy in particular, which is both a form of accountability and a form Princeton University student: Conservatives are being shut down before they can even voice an opinion. Philosophia 44, 961969 (2016). If it does become clear that Jones is going to decide to do something else, Black takes effective steps to ensure that Jones decides to do, and that he does do, what he wants him to do. Black is prepared to go to considerable lengths to get his way, but he prefers to avoid showing his hand unnecessarily. Google Scholar. In R. Kane (Ed. Rjwala is an educational platform, in which you get many information related to homework and studies. Fischer, J. M. (2002). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Dennett's Luther Argument ("character examples"). He can place his "infernal machines" in advance in all our major cities and explode them simultaneously, thus destroying a major part of our industry and a large part of our population, aggregated in densely populated metropolitan districts. Harry Frankfurt describes the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) as follows: A person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (Frankfurt 1969, p.829; emphasis added). But not by verticality.. A. Riding somewhat roughshod over this debate and allowing that the sign does not indicate an alternate possibility (and therefore a flicker of freedom) because we do not need it too the twin world condition requires a comparison between S (or Jones or whoever) in W1 (where we allow no alternate possibility to exist) with S in W2 (where alternate possibilities incontrovertibly exist). It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power. Do you agree that under certain circumstances, R2P should override sovereignty? PubMedGoogle Scholar. Jefferson's key arguments for independence consisted primarily of the Crown's imposition of taxes and trade restrictions onto the Colonies, but was quite clear about the issue not being the severity of the offense but much more in that the Crown had overstepped lines of mutual respect and consent, ie "No Taxation Without Representation." In the twin world condition, S is ascribed moral responsibility because alternate possibilities, should they have been available, would not have changed Ss decision making. Blumenfeld, D. (1971). 21 Fairness, at 110. Given that Jones (in a typical Frankfurt-style scenario) has no alternate possibilities available to him, and therefore could not have done other than he did, how might one formulate the condition under which we would be justified in attributing moral responsibility to him? answer choices. Can you cite any examples where R2P has been or should be implemented? Third parties often bring attention to topics that are unpopular or unknown. At present, it may be that atomic bombs can be detonated with an effect equal to that of 20,000 tons of TNT. Art for Art's Sake is basically a call for release from the tyranny of meaning and purpose. In: J. E. Tomberlin (Ed. 119137). 20) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Even if we can retain our leadership in basic knowledge of nucleonics for a certain time by maintaining secrecy as to all results achieved on this and associated Projects, it would be foolish to hope that this can protect us for more than a few years. s the chief of staff. What is it supposed to show, and why? The benefit to the nation, and the saving of American lives in the future, achieved by renouncing an early demonstration of nuclear bombs and letting the other nations come into the race only reluctantly, on the basis of guesswork and without definite knowledge that the "thing does work," may far outweigh the advantages to be gained by the immediate use of the first and comparatively inefficient bombs in the war against Japan. An agreement on a higher level, involving more mutual trust and understanding, would be to allow unlimited production, but keep exact bookkeeping on the fate of each pound of uranium mined. Reasons reactivity and incompatibilist intuitions. Between 1958-1961, he served as a doctor on the staff of renowned missionary and humanitarian Albert Schweitzer in Africa. The Convention held no fewer than 60 votes before the delegates agreed upon the Electoral College as the method of selecting the president. Philosophical Studies, 166, 553573. McKenna, M. (2005). The aims of this paper is to argue that, as a maxim for moral responsibility, endorsing PAP as a sufficient condition is as effective as presenting it as a necessary condition. Since its founding it has been published fromColumbia University. But E differs across the scenarios themselves: for it just so happens that S engages in an immoral act in (1) but a moral act in (2). By taking opposite paths to the solution, the public was left with an abundance of ideas for solving problems, and future generations were able to pick and choose the best ideas from both plans. Instead it has harnessed us to itself and plunged us into slavery, he wrote. In J. Jordan, & D. Howard-Snyder (Eds. Analysis, 61(4), 335340. The advantage of PAP(s) over Frankfurts original PAP, however, is that should (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied then this does not rule out the possibility that S is nevertheless morally responsible for E. Under the terms of the original PAP, the possibility just described would not exist; which of course Frankfurt, through the use of his counter-example, tried to show was an erroneous outcome: for, intuitively, we feel that S is still responsible for what he does, even though he could not have done otherwise. This argument is one of the most widespread and powerful still being debated in academic and intellectual circles today, and it is important to understand it. 23 Ibid, at 119. (a) Describe: How does the father react to the stranger's request to look around? Fosse Dancers: The thrill of "Bob Fosse's Dancin'," a revival of the 1978 musical is, aptly, its dancers. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(2), 440446. This means that, ceteris paribus, what S would have done in W2 is what S would do in W1 in the absence of intervention, otherwise the coherence of the twin world scenario falls apart. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. Whether this would have been the case is evidenced by the congruence (or lack thereof) between E in W1 and W2. In his opening sentence, Wright implores us not to childishly try to tear the city down to get the green country in and set the city up in it again on its old site feudal towers a little further apart, in an obvious first punch. As for society and individual's relationship to it, Emerson believes that being an individual . Therefore, an international agreement is necessary to ensure that nuclear weapons are only used for deterrence purposes and never deployed in a conflict. Another argument which could be quoted in favor of using atomic bombs as soon as they are available is that so much taxpayers' money has been invested in these Projects that the Congress and the American public will demand a return for their money. One may point out that scientists themselves have initiated the development of this "secret weapon" and it is therefore strange that they should be reluctant to try it out on the enemy as soon as it is available. Responsibility and inevitability. is a place where people live, work, and spend their time. If no efficient international agreement is achieved, the race for nuclear armaments will be on in earnest not later than the morning after our first demonstration of the existence of nuclear weapons. The Journal of Philosophy, 66(23), 829839. Yet, in the twin world condition, the role played by alternate possibilities is not one of being available to S, such that he could have done other than he did on a particular occasion (as required by PAP(s) and W2), because, of course, they are not available. Jones is incapable of making a decision that differs from what Black wants him to decide, and subsequently is incapable of doing other than what Black wants him to do. here our team solve your academic problems daily. What if cult-man is brainwashed? The amounts of ore taken out of the ground at different locations could be controlled by resident agents of the international Control Board, and each nation could be allotted only an amount which would make large-scale separation of fissionable isotopes impossible.