HBB, A:The Hemoglobin beta chain gene consists of code for 146 aminoacid sequences, where each amino acid, Q:sequence below use C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + C4 - Equao de Balano Qumico. 1 The limiting reagent row will be highlighted in pink. Use your graphing calculator's rref() function (or an online rref calculator) to convert the following matrix into reduced row-echelon-form: Simplify the result to get the lowest, whole integer values. You can use parenthesis () or brackets []. It is used to produce paperboard and paper products. Start your trial now! Balance the equation C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H2O using the algebraic method. Berili (Be) c s nguyn t l 4 v 4 proton trong ht nhn ca n, nhng n cc k him c trn Tri t v trong v tr. Epidermis, mucous cells, Q:Identify the human form of hemoglobin that is produced only by the embryo. A:The general shape of the RBC is round. It is used in making explosives. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H might be a redox reaction. Lithium l mt trong ba nguyn t c to ra trong BigBang! What is a Lewis Dot Structure, and what do the symbols in carbon dioxides structure represent? sulfur + ozone = sulfur dioxide. Doing this will give you the required number of atoms needed to complete the octets. -globin of guanine for glutamine, A:Sickle-cell disease: C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + HOH - Equao de Balano Qumico. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + C2H5OH - Equao de Balano Qumico. We are like an atomic structure. The limiting reagent row will be highlighted in pink. Step 3 of creating a Lewis structure is determining how many bonds are possessed by the molecule in total. a. Saturated fatty acids. The elements in the periodic table are arranged in certain patterns, and noting the arrangement of the table can help you figure out which elements have how many valence electrons. mutation. Phng trnh ho hc cn bng . Need help on how to get started, I have the, what will the mole ratios for the balanced equation be? If you do not know what products are, enter reagents only and click 'Balance'. B. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + CH4 - Trnh cn bng phn ng ho hc. Thanking you in advance. Word Equation. HbA1b. Limiting reagent can be computed for a balanced equation by entering the number of moles or weight for all reagents. C6H10O5 + O2 ==> 6CO2 + H2O Use uppercase for the first character in the element and lowercase for the second character. (3) Tinh bt v xenluloz u c to thnh trong cy xanh nh qu trnh quang hp. E = Enzyme Examples: Fe, Au, Co, Br, C, O, N, F. Compare: Co - cobalt and CO - carbon monoxide, To enter an electron into a chemical equation use {-} or e. To enter an ion, specify charge after the compound in curly brackets: {+3} or {3+} or {3}. _______C6H14O + _____ O2-------> ______H2O +____ CO2. Since the electrons in the valance shell are the electrons that will form bonds with other atoms to create molecules, knowing the number of valence electrons is important to draw a Lewis structure diagram. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + HOH might be a redox reaction. In this video we'll balance the equation C6H10 + O2 = CO2 + H2O and provide the correct coefficients for each compound.To balance C6H10 + O2 = CO2 + H2O you'll need to be sure to count all of atoms on each side of the chemical equation.Once you know how many of each type of atom you can only change the coefficients (the numbers in front of atoms or compounds) to balance the equation for Hydrocarbon + Oxygen gas.Important tips for balancing chemical equations:Only change the numbers in front of compounds (the coefficients).Never change the numbers after atoms (the subscripts).The number of each atom on both sides of the equation must be the same for the equation to be balanced.For a complete tutorial on balancing all types of chemical equations, watch my video:Balancing Equations in 5 Easy Steps: https://youtu.be/zmdxMlb88FsMore Practice Balancing: https://youtu.be/Qci7hiBy7EQDrawing/writing done in InkScape. 2 C 6 H 10 O 5 + 2 O 2 7 CO 2 + 5 CH 4. Diethyl Pyrocarbonate + Dioxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Methane. In order to determine the number of bonds within the molecule, the total number of valence electrons should be subtracted from the number of electrons needed to fill the outer shell of the atom. age(x) 1(x) b(x) Compound states [like (s) (aq) or (g)] are not required. The answer will appear below, Always use the upper case for the first character in the element name and the lower case for the second character. Bio means life and ology means study. why we need to place adverts ? Get access to millions of step-by-step textbook and homework solutions, Send experts your homework questions or start a chat with a tutor, Check for plagiarism and create citations in seconds, Get instant explanations to difficult math equations, The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. H2O (nc) ra A:Introduction : Balanced Chemical Equation Edit Steps Reaction. For these reasons, it is important to be aware that while Lewis structures can help you make sense of how atoms behave in molecules, it should not be assumed that the Lewis structure is a perfect representation of molecules.. Now we know for sure, since the 6 and 5 are on the right are correct, that O must be, from the right, 17 so we need to make it 17 on the left. Here is what I do. Don't see the answer that you're looking for? At the age, A:Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a stem cell transplant procedure. Leukotrienes How many GRAMS of water are produced when 10 moles of methane are burned in oxygen? Tm kim phng trnh ha hc Expert Answer. a) Write a balanced equation for, Balanced Equation a) the mass of oxygen used b) the mass if carbon. CH4, COH4, COH2, or CO2H2, Which of the following is not formed during the TCA cycle Read our article on how to balance chemical equations or ask for help in our chat. _______C6H14O + _____ O2-------> ______H2O +____ CO2 ballance. Q:Why are platelets not considered cells? HbA1a1 Lewis structures are helpful models that make understanding the structure of atoms easier. Q:Proline has a low frequency of occurrence in B-sheets, why? iu kin phn ng H2O (nc) tc dng CO2 (Cacbon dioxit) l g ? y c th l s kt hp ca hai hay nhiu phn ng. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. Show more Q&A add. (3) Tinh bt v xenluloz u c to thnh trong cy xanh nh qu trnh quang hp. Cho s phn ng sau:
(a) X + H2O ----xt----> Y
(b) Y + AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O ----> amoni gluconat + Ag + NH4NO3
(c) Y ----xt----> E + Z
(d) Z + H2O ----as, cht dip lc----> X + G
X, Y, Z ln lt l: Polime thin nhin X c sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh. What is G? v mc ch phi li nhun, Xin khng copy ni dung t webiste ca chng ti khi cha c s ng , Doanh thu t qung co gip chng mnh duy tr ni dung cht lng cho website - 2 The Lewis Dot Structure is a graphical representation of how electrons are distributed around the atoms which comprise a molecule. Reagentes. Is it. Count the number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation and verify that all elements and electrons (if there are charges/ions) are balanced. He aims to create content that educates, persuades, entertains and inspires. The central atom of a molecule can join with up to four other atoms. Define the following terms:a. chaperone-mediated autophagyb. Word Equation. Reaction Information Dicarbonato De Dietila + Oxignio = Dixido De Carbono + gua. In many cases a complete equation will be suggested. Any foreign substance that is responsible for generating an immune response in the. By using this website, you signify your acceptance of Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. Hydro l nguyn t nh nht trong s cc nguyn t v l nguyn t phong ph nht trong v tr. , 5nH2O + 6nCO2 6nO2 + (C6H10O5)n l Phng Trnh Phn ng Ha Hc, H2O (nc) phn ng vi CO2 (Cacbon dioxit) to ra O2 (oxi), Trong thc t, s c th nhiu hn 1 phng php iu ch t An array of topics like multiplication with equal groups, arrays, rectangular array . His background in education and training is diverse including education in computer science, communication theory, psychology, and philosophy. C 6 H 10 O 5 + -14 O 2 -14 CO 2 + 5 H 2 O + 5 C 4. What is r? Enter either the number of moles or weight for one of the compounds to compute the rest. O 2. a defective, A:Genetics is a study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in an organism. Q:How would Dr. Eijkman test his new hypothesis? Reactants. Heli l mt mt hng cng nghip c nhiu cng dng quan trng hn bong bng tic tng v khin ging ni ca bn tr nn vui nhn. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H2O - Determine the limiting reagent of your chemical reactions and equations. Biology is basically the study, Q:Which of the following drugs inhibits protein synthesis through binding to ribosomal 30S subunit: One of the ways that Lewis structures and real molecules can be different is that atoms can create molecules that are not stable, even though in Lewis structures it is assumed that the atoms will seek to fill or have to fill their valence shell. The electronegativity trend refers to the fact that in general electronegativity decreases as one moves down the periodic table, following a group downwards, while it tends to increase as one reads across the table from left to right. The last column of the resulting matrix will contain solutions for each of the coefficients. What are the chemical and physical characteristic of (C6H10O5)n ()? The answer will appear below, Always use the upper case for the first character in the element name and the lower case for the second character. There are four deliberate errors. Khi lng phn t ca G l, Polime thin nhin X c sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh. However, like all models some amount of simplification/abstraction is necessary. The Lewis Dot Structure for carbon dioxide can be represented like this: But what exactly does this mean? Hin ti chng ti khng c thm bt k thng tin no thm v phng trnh ny. Covalent bonds are created when an electron from one atom joins with an electron from the other atom, forming an electron pair. S= Substrate C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + CH4 - Chemical Equation Balancer. Phng trnh khng c hin tng nhn bit c bit. Lets go over the Lewis structure and find out how to interpret this representation of carbon dioxide. Balance C since you know you must have 6C on the right. Examples: Fe, Au, Co, Br, C, O, N, F. Compare: Co - cobalt and CO - carbon monoxide, To enter an electron into a chemical equation use {-} or e. To enter an ion, specify charge after the compound in curly brackets: {+3} or {3+} or {3}. H2O (nc) ra b. Pht biu ng l, Cho cc pht biu sau: (1) Glucoz, fructoz v mantoz u c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc. Diethyl Pyrocarbonate - C 6 H 10 O 5. A: The corona virus infects the person . CO2 (Cacbon dioxit) ra For example, C6H5C2H5 + O2 = C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O will not be balanced, but XC2H5 + O2 = XOH + CO2 + H2O will. A Twist In Wavefunction With Ultrafast Vortex Electron Beams, Chemical And Biological Characterization Spot The Faith Of Nanoparticles. Define the following terms: a. respiratory control b. glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle c. uncoupling protein d. oligomycin e. malateaspartate, Which of the following glycerophospholid acts as a lipotropic agent?a) Cardiolipinb) Phosphatidylserinec) Phosphatidylinositold) Phosphatidylcholine. What are the chemical and physical characteristic of O2 (carbon dioxide)? What are the chemical reactions that have (C6H10O5)n () as prduct? He hopes to work on projects which bridge the sciences and humanities. (4) Glucoz, fructoz v mantoz u c kh nng ha tan Cu(OH)2 thnh dung dch mu xanh. A good heuristic one can follow to know how many electrons are needed by an atom of an element is the octet rule. calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide = calcium carbonate + water, Enter an equation of a chemical reaction and click 'Balance'. (2) Saccaroz, mantoz, tinh bt v xemluloz u b thy phn khi c axit H2SO4 (long) lm xc tc. Balanced Chemical Equation . C3a, A:Compliment system is the way to destroy antigen by activating some compliment protein found in the, A:Waxes are a broad category of organic compounds that are lipophilic and bendable solids at room, Q:Why are many individuals with metabolic diseases normal at birth but show symptoms shortly, A:A metabolic problem happens when the metabolic cycle fails and makes the body have either, Q:The figure below shows the structures of the blood group antigens O, A and B.List all nucleotide, A:The ABO blood group is an example of multiple alleles in which total three alleles are responsible, Q:Question 9 Select one answer. what role do they play? Phn ng i (Trao i) . Catalysts are substances that speed up the pace (velocity) of a chemical reaction without being consumed or becoming part of the end product. Halogen atoms, as well as hydrogen atoms, usually appear on the outside of the molecule, and for this reason, they arent typically selected as the central atom. H is 10 each side Compound states [like (s) (aq) or (g)] are not required. In this video we'll balance the equation C6H10 + O2 = CO2 + H2O and provide the correct coefficients for each compound.To balance C6H10 + O2 = CO2 + H2O you'. Wonder is the heaviest element on the periodic table. Combusto. :D, Ti khng mun h tr T in (ng) - :(. WebQC is a web application with a mission to provide best-in-class chemistry tools and information to chemists and students. Polime X l: Tinh bt c to thnh cy xanh nh phn ng. A toxin is a substance that is created by the human body or any other living entity., Q:In 1869. two a-globin chains, A:Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein present in the red blood cells which is responsible for carrying, Q:Patients with severe cases of COVID-19 (the disease caused by the coronavirus) may not be able to, A:The corona virus infects the person and causes COVID-19 disease in them. C6H10O5 = 6CO +5H2O I know this is not correct but I don't know what else to do to get this to balance. Every element in this first group has one valence electron. Vic s dng n l rt cn thit trong y hc, kh t cho my bay, tn la iu p v cc tu v tr khc, nghin cu ng lnh, laser, ti kh xe c, v lm cht lm mt cho l phn ng ht nhn v nam chm siu dn trong my qut MRI. Phenomenon: CO2 gas is emitted Atoms have different shells or layers, and each of these layers has its own electrons. Reaction stoichiometry could be computed for a balanced equation. Enzyme is required, Q:Which of the following applies to Sickle Cell Anemia? CH4 + 2 02--> 2 H2O + CO2 1.5 moles 2. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). 2(C3H8) +, compound that has long been used as a surgical anesthetic. Income form ads help us maintain content with highest quality Use the calculator below to balance chemical equations and determine the type of reaction (instructions). CO2 (Cacbon dioxit) ra Examples: Fe, Au, Co, Br, C, O, N, F. Ionic charges are not yet supported and will be ignored. Next look at H. There are 10 on the left so we need 10 on the right. Balance the equation C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H using the algebraic method or linear algebra with steps. Uses of Cellulose (C 6 H 10 O 5) n. It is used in the diet as a fibre supplement. Balance the reaction of C6H10O5 + O2 = C2 + H2O using this chemical equation balancer! The COVID-19 disease, Q:Sickle cell disease results from a point mutation of the ______. (C6H10O5)n, appearing at the end of the reaction. For instance, take a look at the first group or column in the periodic table. Valence electrons are the electrons the atom possesses in its valence shell or the outermost shell of the atom. The most stable elements are listed in this group or column, each possessing eight electrons in their valence shell already. WebQC is a web application with a mission to provide best-in-class chemistry tools and information to chemists and students. Tipo de Reao. Does The Arrow Of Time Apply To Quantum Systems? Thromboxanes Balanced Chemical Equation Edit Steps Reaction. You can tell if the number of atoms was incorrectly counted in Step 1 if the central atom possesses more than eight electrons and the atom isnt one of the noted exceptions to the octet rule. :D. Hydro l nguyn t u tin trong bng tun hon. PhCH 3 + KMnO 4 + H 2 SO 4 = PhCOOH + K 2 SO 4 + MnSO 4 + H 2 O. CuSO 4 *5H 2 O = CuSO 4 + H 2 O. calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide = calcium carbonate + water. The algebraic method is likely better suited for balancing this equation. Reaction Information Disclaimer. K 4 Fe (CN) 6 + H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O = K 2 SO 4 + FeSO 4 + (NH 4) 2 SO 4 + CO. C 6 H 5 COOH + O 2 = CO 2 + H 2 O. What are the chemical and physical characteristic of (C6H10O5)n (carbon dioxide)? Handpicked Products Essential while Working from Home! C th c v s p n. We already have 5 from the cellulose so we need to add another 12. One of the 20 amino acids includes proline that is also known as imino acid as it, Q:Given the life table below, what is Substitute immutable groups in chemical compounds to avoid ambiguity. Living organisms, Q:. Now we know for sure, since the 6 and 5 are on the right are correct, that O must be, from the right, 17 . Though a Lewis structure may seem intimidating at first glance, it is actually fairly easy to understand a Lewis structure and to draw one yourself, if you break down the creation of the Lewis structure into simple steps. Finally, the other electrons that havent been used should be positioned around the central atom. A:Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme which is found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva,. Oral Medication Labels And Dosage Calculation. Catalysts are substances that speed up the pace (velocity) of a chemical reaction without being consumed or becoming part of the end product. CO2 X Y Z (+enzym) CH3COOH. Once the octet of the central atom is completed, any bonds left over should be used to create double bonds, which are represented by two straight parallel lines, instead of just one line. How To Balance C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H2O. Daniel obtained his BS and is pursuing a Master's degree in the science of Human-Computer Interaction. Scroll down to see reaction info, how-to steps or balance another equation. nhit thng, X to vi dung dch iot hp cht c mu xanh tm. an infected cell is. A:Platelets, or thrombocytes, are tiny, colorless cell particles in our blood that form clots and hold, Q:Define a Point mutation and give an example. Bn c th ko xung di bn click vo nt bo li / ng gp a thm thng tin, Trong thc t, s c th nhiu hn 1 phng php iu ch t Reasons why Covid-19 is a respiratory pathology, Which of thse molecules is most reduced? The Lewis dot structure is drawn with letters that represent the atoms of the element, and then a number of dots or dashes surrounding these letters. HbA1c And why does it contain a kernel? has 0 or non-integer coefficients). O is 5 + 12 on the left = 17 and 12 + 5 on the right is 17. Splits, A:Our body has both direct and alternate pathways to kill the pathogens. C6H10O5 + O2 ==> 6CO2 + 5H2O. 10:45 1. The Lewis Dot Structure is a graphical representation of how electrons are distributed around the atoms which comprise a molecule. If you do not know what products are, enter reagents only and click 'Balance'. Diethyl Pyrocarbonate + Dioxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Hydrogen, (assuming all reactants and products are aqueous. Can the CO2 molecule be modified during formation by adding other elements so is less reactive to infrared radiation from the Earths surface (trying to solve global warming)? Trong trng hp ny, bn ch thng phi quan st cht sn phm It is the process of transcribing the sequence from the DNA strand into the mRNA, Q:According to the sequence comparison tree, which of the following subunits was the first to diverge, A:The primordial globin gene was duplicated, and the mutated copy gave rise to the new globin gene., A:The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. 2022 Science Trends LLC. The reason for drawing/creating a Lewis dot structure is that it helps one predict the kinds of bonds, as well as a number of bonds, that can be formed around an atom. Reaction Information Disclaimer. Explanation: The ideal environmental conditions for a reaction, such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, and solvent. c. ISSN: 2639-1538 (online). ROS and, A:Reactive oxygen species:These are the free radicals that are produced during cellular respiration., Q:Define the following terms: a. anti nucleoside b. HGPRT c. LeschNyhan syndrome d. purine salvage e., A:The branch of biology that deals with the structure, function, and manipulation of the, Q:People with sickle-cell disease have Or if any of the following reactant substances Stick around our printable multiplication models worksheets for practice that helps the budding mathematicians in the 2nd grade, 3rd grade, and 4th grade get their heads around multiplying numbers and multiplication sentences. 2 C 6 H 10 O 5 + 2 O 2 7 CO 2 + 5 CH 4. This may mean the chemical equation is too complex to use this method, or that the equation is invalid (e.g. C 6 H 10 O 5 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 5 HOH. Q: C6H12O6 CO2 H2O O2. Pht biu ng l. A: O2 ( oxygen) molecule is considered as a by-product of photosynthesis which is used by mammals to. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. 3 C 6 H 10 O 5 + 3 O 2 8 CO 2 + 5 C 2 H 5 OH. Our panel of experts willanswer your queries. Reaction Information Disclaimer. (3) 6nZ + 5nH2O ----as,diep luc---> X + 6nO2. Equao qumica balanceada . c. Lactate ), The question is: Butane has a deltaH of -2871 kJ/mol when it. C6H10O5 + O2 ==> CO2 + H2O Hy nhp vo cht tham gia hoc/v cht sn phm bt u tm kim, Xin hy ko xung di xem v thc hnh cc cu hi trc nghim lin quan The limiting reagent row will be highlighted in pink. Weve got a causal body thats linked together. Frederick Lenz, Photo: By Jynto (talk) Own work This image was created with Discovery Studio Visualizer., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21004140, Photo: Ben Mills via Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain. cho chng mnh bit nh. A. (5) T + 2E G + 2H2O . Dicarbonato De Dietila - C 6 H 10 O 5. Balance C since you know you must have 6C on the right. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H - Chemical Equation Balancer. 10 moles 3. Lewis structures can be utilized to make predictions about the layout of a molecule. Q:Why was an oxonium ion expected to be involved in the lysozyme reaction? - RBC (Red blood cell) count decreases. Determining the electronegativity of an atom can be done by consulting a table listing specific values or using the periodic table electronegativity trend to identify the value. C is 6 each side The cell u, Picture a campfire. How to: CO2 reacts with H2O As a representation of the respiratory chain, what is wrong with this picture? nhit thng, X to vi dung dch iot hp cht c mu xanh tm. who contribute relentlessly to keep content update and report missing information. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. O2 (oxi), (C6H10O5)n (Dextrin) di iu kin phn ng l Xc tc: nh sng, clorophin, Nu ang lm bi tp cc bn c th vit n gin l H2O (nc) tc dng CO2 (Cacbon dioxit) v to ra cht O2 (oxi), (C6H10O5)n (Dextrin). Information about the equation, such as the type of reaction may also be calculated. a., A:Aminoglycide class of drugs works by irreversibly binding to the site on the bacterial 30S ribosome,, Q:Why do you suppose that the influenza virus protein that binds the virus to Lone pairs of electrons are shown surrounding atoms with dots, and double bonds are represented with double lines instead of the single lines that typically join atoms together in the molecule. macroautophagyd., A:Introduction: 3.3P, Your question is solved by a Subject Matter Expert. b. A:A disease is a state that renders the body or its parts malfunction. All Rights Reserved. 2 C 6 H 10 O 5 + 7 O 2 12 CO 2 + 20 H. Reaction Information Disclaimer. d. Succinate, Which of the following compounds is derived from arachidonic acid with the help of the enzyme lipooxygenases? Q:Why is O+ compatible with O+, AB+, A+, B+? and encountered a point mutation:, A:Transcription X, Y, Z ph hp: Axit gluconic + NaHCO3 Z + Natri gluconat + H2O; Nu bn nhn ra phng trnh ny cha c cn bng chnh xc. Q:As a doctor, you have samples of A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, and O+ blood in a hospital supply, A:Blood groups are classified based on the presence of specific antibodies in the plasma and specific. Q:Explain the equation E+S---->ES----> E + P. A:Given equation, Here is what I do. A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, Genes are contained in, Q:Using the image above, which drawing (A, B, or C) do you think predicts the amount of View this solution and millions of others when you join today! Therefore there are some differences between real molecules and Lewis structures that should be noted. These elements are referred to as the noble gases, and they include elements like argon, neon, and krypton. C6H10O5 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + O2 - Trnh cn bng phn ng ho hc. a C 6 H 10 O 5 + b O 2 = c CO 2 + d H 2 O. Sn phm xy dng bi Be Ready Education Australia Dots can be used to represent the shared electrons within the bonds of the atoms, but dashes can be used to represent covalent bonds as well. When the outer electron shell of the atom is at capacity, it is considered happy and doesnt want any more electrons in the outer shell. Mieschrr extracted a substance from white blood cells that he called nuclein. A:Single-cell proteins are the proteins that are edible and are derived from single-celled organisms., Q:Proceed to the slide that shows how APP is cut to produce beta amyloid. Since the outside of the atoms needs complete octets, if it is discovered that there arent enough electrons then this means that the skeletal structure that was drawn in step 5 has an improper alignment.