how to compare two different objects in java

149154. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. 2023; 13(5):2972. I prefer this method since I no longer need to make changes to my production code (e.g. In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. Determ. Maintainability as a software characteristic is of paramount importance in software development because it substantially affects the long-term expenses associated with a software system. A quick guide on how to compare two objects for equality in Java 8. person1 and person2 have the same properties with the same values. Ren, Y.; Xing, T.; Chen, X.; Chai, X. Murthy, A.R.C. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. Therefore, it is plausible that the results are different for closed-source software and may not be representative of the overall population, but only for open-source software. Najm, N. Measuring Maintainability Index of a Software Depending on Line of Code Only. Use Collections.max () method and store the return value in max variable. In the example above, person1 and person2 have the same properties and values, so JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2) is true. Chowdhury, S.; Holmes, R.; Zaidman, A.; Kazman, R. Revisiting the debate: Are code metrics useful for measuring maintenance effort? Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. 252264. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. It is believed that a system that is difficult to maintain requires more resources to correct, improve, perfect, and adapt, which raises the overall cost of the software. Vijaya; Sharma, S.; Batra, N. Comparative Study of Single Linkage, Complete Linkage, and Ward Method of Agglomerative Clustering. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. A Feature To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. Learn Java practically The above code snippet shows that two employees will be equal if they are stored in the same memory address or they have the same regno. An object is an instance of a class that has its state and behavior. Illustration: An example to illustrate an object of a class: // Here, chair and sofa are two objects of the class Furniture. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. [, Revilla, M.A. In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. In fact, its fun to do things the hard way, isnt it? [, Sharma, A.; Grover, P.; Kumar, R. Predicting maintainability of component-based systems by using fuzzy logic. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, Maharashtra, India, 1011 March 2017; Satapathy, S., Bhateja, V., Joshi, A., Eds. using the operators <, <=, ==, =>, >. Researchers should carefully examine which Index variants should be used in their studies, as the results can be impacted by the choices made. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. Objects class from the Java.util . 16. Convert a String to Character Array in Java. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. All examples are shown in this article are over. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. The 2021 State of the Octoverse. There are ways around this limitation, such as using aHelperclass (ahem) that would do the heavy lifting by inheriting (or not) the original class and adding customEqualscode. Due to this behavior there are many (myself included) who suggest overridingEqualsto make sure that the actual values are compared, which could be a problem if our production code cannot be changed to accommodate our tests. accumulo,1,ActiveMQ,2,Adsense,1,API,37,ArrayList,18,Arrays,24,Bean Creation,3,Bean Scopes,1,BiConsumer,1,Blogger Tips,1,Books,1,C Programming,1,Collection,8,Collections,37,Collector,1,Command Line,1,Comparator,1,Compile Errors,1,Configurations,7,Constants,1,Control Statements,8,Conversions,6,Core Java,149,Corona India,1,Create,2,CSS,1,Date,3,Date Time API,38,Dictionary,1,Difference,2,Download,1,Eclipse,3,Efficiently,1,Error,1,Errors,1,Exceptions,8,Fast,1,Files,17,Float,1,Font,1,Form,1,Freshers,1,Function,3,Functional Interface,2,Garbage Collector,1,Generics,4,Git,9,Grant,1,Grep,1,HashMap,2,HomeBrew,2,HTML,2,HttpClient,2,Immutable,1,Installation,1,Interview Questions,6,Iterate,2,Jackson API,3,Java,32,Java 10,1,Java 11,6,Java 12,5,Java 13,2,Java 14,2,Java 8,128,Java 8 Difference,2,Java 8 Stream Conversions,4,java 8 Stream Examples,12,Java 9,1,Java Conversions,14,Java Design Patterns,1,Java Files,1,Java Program,3,Java Programs,114,Java Spark,1,java.lang,4,java.util. let us create a new Employee e3 object with the same values as e1. 121124. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. 2.2. The JHawk tool was used to extract the source code metrics, as it is commonly used for metrics extraction of Java software. 2021. The compareTo method compares the current object with the object sent as a parameter. Lets take the above example in which JSON.stringify is useless and hand it over to Lodash: You can read more about Lodash in the article below: You dont want to use any external libraries? For example, if code documentation significantly benefits software maintainability, a variant incorporating code comments into the Index computation should be used. = median, Std. Ganpati, A.; Kalia, A.; Singh, H. A comparative study of maintainability index of open source software. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) Implementing the equals method for the before example: Example 3: In the above example, the equals() method is checking if all the values match or not. Before Java 8, sorting a collection would involve creating an anonymous inner class for the Comparator used in the sort: 3. Multidimensional scaling. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. Internally the Sort method does call Compare method of the classes it is sorting. In the second comparison, equals () checks to see whether the passed object is null, or if it's typed as a different. Fedoseev, K.; Askarbekuly, N.; Uzbekova, E.; Mazzara, M. Application of Data-Oriented Design in Game Development. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Bandi, R.; Vaishnavi, V.; Turk, D. Predicting maintenance performance using object-oriented design complexity metrics. A Tale of Two Development Approach: Empirical Study on The Maintainability and Modularity of Android Mobile Application with Anti-Pattern and Model-View-Presenter Design Pattern. Example 1: Although equals() method can be used to compare the values of two strings, it is not really useful by default to compare two objects without overriding it. Objects are equal when they have the same state (usually comparing variables). A systematic and comprehensive investigation of methods to build and evaluate fault prediction models. future research directions and describes possible research applications. You are accessing a machine-readable page. The equals () method is used to compare objects according to their content. 2021. I propose another option one that could be useful , especially when theres a need to compare different properties in different tests. Since the chosen analyses may bias the result, we explained the idea and motivation for each data analysis method used. ; Oman, P.W. ; Yiit, T. Energy Efficiency Analysis of Code Refactoring Techniques for Green and Sustainable Software in Portable Devices. However, not only are the referenced arrays different in content, but the references themselves are also different. Pratap, A.; Chaudhary, R.; Yadav, K. Estimation of software maintainability using fuzzy logic technique. [. [. Hence, it requires being measured and quantified indirectly while relying on internal attributes that can be measured from software directly [, In the last few decades, the object-oriented paradigm has emerged as one of the most-widely used paradigms for modeling and developing software. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely 261282. However, we've used String constructor to create the strings. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. ; project administration, B.. The resulting visualizations for each case study are presented in, The consistency of the long-term trends in maintainability for each case study was analyzed using MannKendall Trend Tests, and the results are presented in, To examine the short-term trends in the maintainability of each case study, the differences in maintainability from one software release to its previous version are presented separately for each Index variant under study in, The results of different variants of an Index used to assess the maintainability of object-oriented software systems can vary greatly. After that, we have invoked the hashCode() method using objects. Applied Sciences. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. and B.. Now execute the code using Run option or Ctrl+f11 and output as below gets displayed. [. ; funding acquisition, B.. ; Goldinger, S.D. Zighed, N.; Bounour, N.; Seriai, A.D. 2021. = minimum, Max. It handles a wide variety of edge cases and avoids a lot of the pitfalls of the previous two approaches. Elmidaoui, S.; Cheikhi, L.; Idri, A.; Abran, A. Empirical studies on software product maintainability prediction: A systematic mapping and review. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. Sjberg, D.I.K. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. Note that some human analysis of the comments is recommended to aid this decision [. The only difference is in person1, the property age appears before name, meanwhile, in person2, name comes before age. We have now checked the objects comparisons manually by calling the equals() method but this is not a good solution for the comparison of the objects. Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. With the introduction of Lambdas, we can now bypass the anonymous inner class and achieve the same result with simple, functional semantics: Notice that we're also using the new sort API . In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICELTICs), Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 1920 September 2018; pp. If the two objects have the same values, equals () will return true. and Name. Parewa Labs Pvt. Using a comparator, we can sort the elements based on data members. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. ; software, T.H. Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs . However, the results could have been different for a different group of software systems, as there is no guarantee that the selected software systems are good representatives. All source codes for the included software systems were obtained from the original (i.e., not forked) GitHub repositories. The objective was to determine if and to what degree these variants are consistent with one another when used to assess the maintainability of a single software system and when used to compare the maintainability of different software systems. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability (ISSRE 07), Trollhattan, Sweden, 59 November 2007; pp. All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Similarities and Difference between Java and C++, Decision Making in Java (if, if-else, switch, break, continue, jump), StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples, Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java, Constructor Chaining In Java with Examples, Private Constructors and Singleton Classes in Java, Comparison of Inheritance in C++ and Java, Dynamic Method Dispatch or Runtime Polymorphism in Java, Different ways of Method Overloading in Java, Difference Between Method Overloading and Method Overriding in Java, Difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java, Comparator Interface in Java with Examples, Flow control in try catch finally in Java, SortedSet Interface in Java with Examples, SortedMap Interface in Java with Examples, Importance of Thread Synchronization in Java, Thread Safety and how to achieve it in Java. Avg. In Proceedings of the Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering: 15th International Conference, ENASE 2020, Prague, Czech Republic, 56 May 2020; Revised Selected Papers 15. Mark X is used to indicate the inclusion of a software metric for the computation of a specific Index variant. Correlations between Internal Software Metrics and Software Dependability in a Large Population of Small C/C++ Programs. To reduce the likelihood of errors caused by humans, the process of collecting software metrics and computing the Index variants for all software under study was performed automatically by running scripts. const obj1 = . De Lucia, A.; Pompella, E.; Stefanucci, S. Assessing effort estimation models for corrective maintenance through empirical studies. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings. To meet the above-specified objectives, the following two research questions (RQs) were formulated: How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented software system? Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. The resulting visualization seen in, Instead of the manual identification of groups, to more accurately determine the similar groups of the Index variants, clustering on the Pearson Correlation Coefficients was performed. ; formal analysis, T.H. This method logic compares both object's id, name, and age values. One major threat to external validity is related to the software systems on which the research is based, including sample size, selection bias, and subject characteristics. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Java Object class is the super class of all the Java classes. [, Prabowo, G.; Suryotrisongko, H.; Tjahyanto, A. The relationship between all pairs of Index variants under study is positive and strong to very strong. In the above program, we have two strings namedstyle and style2 both containing the same world Bold. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, Tampere, Finland, 2426 March 2004; pp. This logic will be generated by the IDE's such as Eclipse or IntelliJ Idea tools. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: The equals() method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. Whereas the equals() method compares two objects. Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort () function using one of the standard algorithms. To ensure the most-accurate assessment, the specific variant selected should take into account the relevant aspects of maintainability that best represent the maintainability of the software system in question. In Proceedings of the 2011 3rd International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, Wuhan, China, 2829 May 2011; pp. Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly A Computer Science portal for geeks. Now, you will write a function to compare two objects. ; validation, T.H. toString() method is to print the values of the object. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. Create two variables, minimum and maximum. 203208. Misra, S.C. = median, Std. And now imagine a test in which thatSomeClassis the result of your unit tests what assert would you write? Kencana, G.H. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. Testwell CMT++/CMTJava. = average, Med. Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. The key differences between the variants lie in the selection of the software metrics used and/or the amount of influence the selected software metrics have on maintainability. Welker, K.D. After that, we have created a constructor of the Employee class and passes these two fields as a parameter. The object-oriented paradigm is one of the dominant programming paradigms for modeling and developing software. In the following example, we have created constructor of the Double and Long class and passes corresponding values, as an argument that stored in their objects, respectively. To sort a given List, ComparatorClass must implement a Comparator interface. 367377. The equals () method performs a full (deep) comparison. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object [. Sci. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. = standard deviation. [. Mastering JS. Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java. Identity of references The comparison operator == has long been known when dealing with primitive data types. 8893. Construction and testing of polynomials predicting software maintainability. Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. That does not work for objects. The Maintainability Index is frequently used as a single-valued measure for estimating the overall maintainability of software, taking these aspects into account in different ways through various Index variants. Available online: Stack Overflow. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. Lodash's isEqual() function is the most sophisticated way to compare two objects. It is not necessary that if the two objects are unequal according to equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects may produce distinct integer value. Comparative Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Maintainability Prediction Models. 2023, 13, 2972. Create a HashMap object and add a few employee objects as key and value will be the salary of the employee object. The differences in Index variants values are the most notable when looking at the finer-grained results derived from different Index variants. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. Empirical comparison of two metrics suites for maintainability prediction in packages of object-oriented systems: A case study of open source software. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered.