what if saruman had gotten the ring

Was the "Eye of Sauron" Sauron's actual physical form? Will to conquer all life in Middle-earth was the last bit I believe. Either way Sauron would've just destroyed him at some point if he got the ring back; Saruman getting the Ring is another . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We dont know if the Stranger will make it to his destination and the show could certainly deviate from lore or invent new history ( as it has done already). Here's a new theory concerning Saruman and Grima. There's this passage that describes what happened after the death of his physical body: To the dismay of those that stood by, about the body of Saruman a grey mist gathered, and rising slowly to a great height like smoke from a fire, as a pale shrouded figure it loomed over the Hill. The Eye of Sauron is one of the most iconic symbols associated with J.R.R. Even from afar he had an effect upon it, to make it work for its return to himself. When Sauron thought Aragorn had the Ring, he reacted with a swift military offensive. Although they did oppose the will of Sauron, while he did not have the one, they were still subject to his will, if he regained it, and all that had been done with them would be revealed. For all things Tolkien, Lord of The Rings, and The Hobbit Press J to jump to the feed. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. In those, Saruman appears to harness the weather to command the snowstorm on the pass of Caradhras that dramatically halts the progress of the Fellowship. A capable bearer would have all that power, plus whatever native power he or she had to begin with. That was a lucky hitand did you perhaps notice that Sauron was more or less single-handedly beating the entire Last Alliance army at that point? If we have not credited an artist, it is because we could not find an owner of the art. Why Did Eru Give Men The Gift Of Death And Not to The Elves too? 3 yr. ago. Anybody else who bore it (non-stop) would eventually be drawn to him, where he would get the Ring back. Some interesting conjecture, but you're forgetting that if anyone replaced Sauron as the "master" of the One Ruling Ring, they would sever Sauron's tie to the ring and essentially reduce him to an ineffectual spirit who could no longer interact with the physical world. Well? Well Gandalf and Galadriel were pretty confident in their ability to defeat Sauron using One Ring! He would simply wait and let the Ring do what it was made to do. Would the One Ring even work for anyone but Sauron? He still had the nine, and perhaps some of the seven. What would happen if Gandalf had the ring? With the more powerful becoming all the more corrupted. The Lord of the Rings is one of the best series of three fantasy adventure films, The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003), directed by Peter Jackson, based on the novel which was written by J. R. R. Tolkien.The series is widely regarded as the greatest and the most influential, it was also a huge success financially and is among the highest . He writes about everything from NCIS to Stranger Things to The Walking Dead and everything in between. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. If he could obtain or recreate the One Ring for himself, he would be able to rule Middle-earth just like Sauron did. You are using an out of date browser. However, Saruman had planned his rise to power much earlier than that. But it will still never truly be his & he will have to continually fight to dominate it as the One Ring wants to return to its master, who cannot be banished until the Ring is destroyed. Gil Galad, and the last alliance also defeated Sauron, without the help of the Maiar, as well. But there isn't a blind following of obedience in Tolkien at least not with wise and just characters depending on the circumstances. I don't think we have enough information to answer this with certainty. On the other hand, if the Stranger is Saruman, consider that journey and how it makes his transformation all the more tragic. In the hypothetic situation where Sauron thought, or knew, that Saruman had the Ring, I think he would have responded in a similar way. The Lord of the Rings (LOTR) by J. R. R. Tolkien is one of the greatest and most famous epic fantasy series in English literature. Imagine that, after breaking of Fellowship, Saruman`s Uruk-Hai capture Frodo and bring him, with the ring, to Isengard. Instead of sending armies out to take Minas Tirith, Sauron would have had the majority of his forces concentrated on his borders and sweeping the land in front of it with orcs, men, trolls, and Nazgul. Saruman wants to be Saurons only servant. Still, this is a point to consider. Naruto turned, and saw a Wizard in all white and an Elven Lady behind him. Even some of the imagery in his scenes screams Gandalf. Frodo would have continued into Mordor and odds are he would have been discovered there. I don't think we've been given enough information to say whether Saruman or Sauron would have won the fight. I would have thought that they would have been used against Sauron if at all possible while he didnt have the one. What if: One of the primarch's had landed on the world of Avatar the Last Airbender. All of Saruman's scheming nearly came to fruition in The Two Towers. https://www.teespring.com/stores/historyoftheagesAlso here are our other social media links too! Maybe, though i dont know that much about Sauman's power and. Yet, it's also possible that Sauron would have triumphed and regained the Ring for himself. In his mind, it was the only logical thing to do, and he offered Gandalf a place by his side. Saruman Secretly Forged His Own Ring of Power in The Lord of the Rings. 5 Who controlled the Seeing Stone of Minas Anor? Whats the threshold of power for a wielder of the one ring to defeat Sauron? 4 What if Saruman had never been corrupted? Lucky hit or not, he was vulnerable to a mere sword with no great magical ability or anything displayed that showed the ring as some huge magnifier of magical ability. New Movie News, Movie Trailers & upcoming Movie Reviews, Saruman Gaining the One Ring Would Have Doomed Middle-earth Even Faster, Thranduil Was a Jerk - But Lord of the Rings' Only Dark Elf Was Actually Evil, How Morgoth Created Glaurung and The Lord of the Rings' Dragons, REVIEW: Frank Miller Presents Ancient Enemies: The Djinni #1 Crafts a Compelling Origin Story, REVIEW: DC's Shazam! But why do I think the Stranger is Saruman? In Tolkiens work, Saruman went to Rhn, shortly after he arrived in Middle-earth, in factjust like the Stranger. It's possible Saruman would have been able to defeat Sauron. Be specific and add in your sources, we prefer not to have speculation here. However, that's not the most likely scenario. His own greed and lust for power turned him to darkness on his own, and Sauron through the Palantir had already turned Saruman into his tool - though Saruman was of no use to Sauron at all once defeated. Is there a single-word adjective for "having exceptionally strong moral principles"? Sauron was the master ring-maker in LOTR, but Saruman also forged a ring of power so that he could eventually challenge the Dark Lord. It has been suggested that the reason why Saruman lost access to magic after the . I suspect that most of us think Saruman's treachery is so fundamental to Lord of the Rings, that it is almost impossible to imagine the epic without it. The thing is, that wouldn't be a simple task. Saruman wasnt an elf, or even a man. I think Saruman would have kept the Ring and used its real and symbolic powers to contest with Sauron for control over Middle-earth by building up his own empire. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Sauron w. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? And so that's what Gandalf was pretending to do, while they were actually taking the Ring to Mt. How did Saruman become corrupted? )https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpgaqH-cKuqvfKr1NL-yudg-----Don't forget to check out our Official website!www.thebrokensword.co.ukIf you want to support the channel, you can help us on our Patreon page. Either way, the good guys loose big. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. He's the anti-hero in his own story who spends time with the Blue Wizards in the East, heads up the White Council, and eventually . Follow her on Twitter and Instagram. If he could obtain or recreate the One Ring for himself, he would be able to rule Middle-earth just like Sauron did. Remember, the greater part of Saurons strength was poured into the ring. What did Tolkien originally write? This moment was part of an overall mistake, and they could be wrong about this observation, too. Much of Sarumans history in the Second Age is mysterious. But Saruman was always too prideful for his companions. The White Wizard -- at the height of his power -- could have been a match for the Ringless Dark Lord. Would Saruman have been able to defeat Sauron? But what would have happened if things had worked out differently? It would be difficult for Sauron. Privacy Policy. Saruman would have made a tasty little morsel for Sauron. He believed he could fake an alliance with the Dark Lord while ultimately finding the ring for himself and ruling Middle Earth. We'll probably never know. So it's possible that someone of sufficient power could break the Rings bond to Sauron. Although Saruman had selfish motives, he didn't expect to fall so deep . Would he have given the Ring back to Sauron or would he have kept the ring and contested Sauron for power over Middle-earth? Saruman summon the storm on Caradhras in the PJverse in The Fellowship of the Ring. I'm a little vague on this point. The other Rings of power could be used by anyone else varying only by the individual. RELATED: Thranduil Was a Jerk - But Lord of the Rings' Only Dark Elf Was Actually Evil. Since both are immortal, Saruman is going to be tortured for a long, long, long, long, LONG time. In fact, he had started searching for the . What would have happened if the Balrog of Moria had taken possession of The One Ring? Science Fiction & Fantasy Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for science fiction and fantasy enthusiasts. With the more powerful becoming all the more corrupted. But if only one Istar has come to Middle-earth so far, Saruman is a strong candidate. Too well studied, as it turned out, for Saruman gradually turned to evil himself, emulating Sauron's works. 2463, Saruman was appointed its leader.Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his One Ring.Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature Gollum, drawing the Dark Lord closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing. Now, consider Saruman. Hes lost his way in a search for greater power. House of Dragons vs. He wanted to inform Saruman the White -- who was head of the White Council -- that he had found Sauron's One Ring hidden away in the Shire. Not unless Saruman got the ring. He believed that Sauron would never return, so he had his own set of schemes. Luckily, Gandalf refused, and the rest of the trilogy didn't play out in Saruman's favor. Covering the hottest movie and TV topics that fans want. Sauron once again lay dormant for over a millennium in the Second Age, secretly preparing another attempt to take over Middle-earth. These are not some sort of machine gun, or beam weapon that is just leveled at the enemy, by anyone who happens to wear them. The One Ring has a number of powers and depending on what information (particularly regarding the Middle Earth RPG) you will get very vague to very specific capabilties for the One Ring. At the same time, most of the Elves were leaving Middle-earth, and Saruman betrayed everyone and joined Sauron. So it is my assumption that Saruman wanted the One Ring so he could forge his own Ring of Power. When Gandalf sent Frodo and the Hobbits to Bree in The Lord of the Rings' opening act, he had the fullest intent of meeting them there. " The Hunt for the Ring " is a chapter in Unfinished Tales, a posthumously published work of J.R.R. Some interesting conjecture, but you're forgetting that if anyone replaced Sauron as the "master" of the One Ruling Ring, they would sever Sauron's tie to the ring and essentially reduce him to an ineffectual spirit who could no longer interact with the physical world. On February 26, 3019 Eomer, Third Marshal of the Riddermark, set out against orders from his king to hunt an orc band coming from the east. On the surface, Saruman seems like one of the simplest Lord of the Rings characters to define. After that, in the Undying Lands, Sauron was more powerful. Well what DID the Ring do for Sauron? "Greetings, Naruto Wraithslayer, wielder of the Faerdagnir. the scene in which Gandalf, say, was placed in such a position. In the book it is sort of implied that certain beings with sufficient power (e.g. In the case of vague powers the One Ring would enhance one's powers based on one's strengths. Is he stronger than the will of the ring? Saruman had full control of his army, which is why the Hobbits were being brought to him (because they maybe had the ring), instead of immediately to Sauron (who at the time of their capture, they were much closer to). Saruman himself is not directly involved, and only appears again in chapter 10, The Voice of Saruman, by which time he is trapped in Orthanc. If any artists would like us to remove their artwork, or add anything additional to credit you, please contact us and we will sort it straight away! Would Sauron be able to open two fronts, battling against Isengard and Gondor? He easily would have had mastery over the ring itself. If the Uruk Army sent by Saruman had captured Frodo and had gotten the One Ring to Saruman, what would Saruman have done with it? What about Galadrial? Why are trials on "Law & Order" in the New York Supreme Court? Other powerul magic users such as Galadriel, Gandalf & Saruman can use the Ring to increase their power as that is what it was forged by Sauron to do, but it will never truly be completely under their will because Sauron's evil will already exists in the Ring. When Sauron was in Dol Guldur, he lay dormant most of the time. He starts on a similar path as Gandalf, but his choices and hunger for power lead him to evil. In Unfinished Tales, J.R.R. Saruman joined Sauron only partially. Saruman was known for being subtle in speech (with a powerful ability to sway others with his voice) and skilled in smithcraft. I imagine it'd be a similar situation as if Gandalf or Saruman got The Ring. If Gandalf proved the victor, the result would have been for Sauron the same as the destruction of the Ring; for him it would have been destroyed, taken from him for ever. The whole premise of The Lord of the Rings was to keep the One Ring (which existed for a long time) away from the Dark Lord Sauron. She seems to have seriously pondered what she might do if she got hold of the Ring, and she was only an Elf, not a Maiar like Saruman. Why Rings of Powers Fight Scenes Are Boring. Without Gandalf, King Theoden would likely remain under the control of Saruman. How to show that an expression of a finite type must be one of the finitely many possible values? #2. -----Also check out our other channels!The 6th Ranger - (For all things Power Rangers! There was a Winged Nazgul operating near the area as well on the other side of the Anduin and thus closer to Frodo. My understanding of the crushingly unavoidable fate which is the history of Middle Earth says that the One Ring belongs to Sauron and no other. The first and most obvious reason Galadriel gets to hang on to her Ring - Nenya, the Ring of Water - from beginning (i.e. He also had control of the nine kings and such or was supposed to, although didn't Elrond get a ring yet was present at the battle? That makes Gandalf more or less like we know him from The Lord of the Rings, thousands of years in the future. What money is available for senior citizens? If the Stranger is actually Gandalf, think about it from a character development standpoint. Doom. He did not fear Sauron, but rather was forbidden to contest with him directly. **Chief among the powers of the ring that were feared by the White Council was the fact that if Sauron put it on now, all that had been done by the Wise using the three rings would be revealed to him, as would their minds, if they did not take off the rings. cbr.com - Blake Hawkins 14h. Posted September 4, 2007. mysticalblues said: My roommate met someone last week that had a ring that she got in St. Thomas. That is, however, a legitimate concern when entering any fight: any weaponry you wield may be captured and used against you. It would have been the master in the end. Blake Hawkins has written TV and movie features and recaps for CBR since March of 2021. Gandalf wasn't even sure if he would be able to break his staff in The Return of the King, and that was a very weakened version of Saruman. The three, which Celebrimbor made, were not made to gain dominion over others. The implication is that Saruman has to defeat Sauron. Answer (1 of 13): If Saruman acquired the One Ring and had time to learn to use it, then he would go to war against Sauron. Saruman's power is that of influence, both in a political sense of his influence as the highest member of the council, but also in the sense of being able to have some control over other people . Keep in mind the Ring doesn't only have Sauron's power in it. First of all: Yes, you probably should watch at least The Two Towers before reading much further: that movie is all about Saruman's plans and schemes.. Having said that, there's a combination of things that have driven Saruman to act the way he does in the Lord of the Rings trilogy. Saruman knew good and well what would happen when he tried holding Gandalf. So all of the vanilla staves will get a retexture that adds a new color depending on their enchantment. Many of the vague abilities listed above are also part and parcel to those abilities listed below. The Three were used against Sauron, but indirectly. The key thing to note is that Sauron, by the time of the War of the Ring, lacked the ability to take a. I would not be too sure that Sauron would be the victor, as Saruman spent long years in study of ring-lore. The images have been re-edited so I hope you enjoy! I'm no Tolkien expert but I assume there would have been a great war between Isengard and Mordor, which would have affected all parts of Middle Earth. Two Maiar duking it out at their full strength would have brought ruin to much of Middle-earth, and that was exactly what the Valar had hoped to avoid in the first place. This one, too, was controlled by Sauron. But what does Saruman do now? "Saruman would've won if he captured the ring"--Won what? With possession of the one ring he would have replaced Sauron (would have wiped him out entirely). Hes of the same order of beings as Sauron, so he certainly has enough power to effectively use the ring. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? How successful would Saruman be finding and capturing the Ringbearer in this scenario is speculative but one has to wonder would Sauron not notice this activity. and our It only takes a minute to sign up. The Uruk-hai capture Frodo and Sam at Amon Hen, thus Saruman gains possession of the most powerful of the Rings of Power, which carries in it, a greater part of Sauron's inherent might. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. They got the identity wrong, but the Stranger felt the direction about Rhn to be accurate. I think the real point has been missed. Lots of great, exclusive content, even discounts on our original merch! Courage to ones fellows, hope in adversity, and comfort to the suffering were the powers enhanced by the three. By this Tolkien shows that disobedience for good reasons has merit. One can imagine The first thing you need to realize is just how long a gap there was between the two trilogies. . Tolkien Blog - by Michael Martinez But I've been thinking. I got down on bended knee at the top of the mountain and proposed. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be acquitted of everything despite serious evidence? The situation in The Lord of the Rings was pretty dire. His three friends were smiling at him, but Gandalf was only managing an embarrassed smile towards the Lady. He now lives with his family in Lynchburg VA and is an avid outdoorsman. If Saruman had taken and claimed the Ring for his own, Sauron would have been aware of it immediately. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. What is the significance of Saruman's Ring? It's interesting here that since both Sauron and Saruman were in origin Maiar of Aule, they may be expected to have some knowledge of each other, and that they would have some idea of each other's strengths and weaknesses. He is, I suppose, the same order of creature as Sauron himself, so could he? 1. Saruman tries to master the ring, but he doesn't completely achieve such mastery. It may have taken a while to learn to use the Ring to its full potential, and Sauron would surely have put everything he had behind trying to get it back, but itd be iffy, and he certainly couldnt use the Nazgul or other ring-empowered creatures against the weilder of the One. Saruman had an opportunity to take a Ring of Power, but didn't. Was the ring more risk than it was worth? Director Peter Jackson adapted the books into six films divided into two trilogies The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit.More popularly referred to as The Lord of the Rings movies, watching them in chronological order helps viewers place certain disparate events . After a comment from Gimli, Gandalf adds: "But Isengard cannot fight Mordor, unless Saruman first obtains the Ring. In any event, a confrontation between Saruman and Sauron seems as though it would not be a closely fought as the one between Gandalf and Sauron described above; Gandalf was able to cast-out Saruman, so it seems as though Sauron would have more easily had the upper-hand in such a contest. What would happen if a Barrow-wight had taken the One Ring and why didn't they? So He would do what He did after His defeat by Isildur. But what if the Stranger is a different wizard we all know from The Lord of the Rings? Ultimately, we dont know who the Stranger is, aside from being an Istar, or a wizard. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Nori even said in the finale that the Stranger was there to help. He would have also learned where the Fellowship was broken and knowing the Ringbearer's true purpose would assume his destination would be the Black Gate which indeed it was until Gollum convinced Frodo otherwise. Saruman was most skilled in Ring Lore, save Sauron. We know of his ultimate betrayal against Middle-earth, maybe especially against his fellow Wizards and the Valar. Sauron may not learn the true goal of the Ringbearer but he would know that the ringbearer was most likely near or nearing his borders. He aided Frodo but he did not save him or the Quest from certain ruin as Eomer did by attacking the orc band. Any idea what set any of these are from? Without Rohan and Gondor, humans would be . 2 What would happen if Gandalf had the ring? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Sauron was the Dark Lord in The Lord of the Rings saga, written by J.R.R. That was a major concern for Sauron, and one of the reasons he felt constrained to hurry his stroke to gain mastery of the world without the ring. 1 What would have happened if Saruman got the ring? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Soon (convenient term, soon) I will begin on the second volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers.It consists of two 'books', The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East.The first 'book' of the volume deals with the adventures of Aragorn, Gimli, and Legolas as they go in search of Merry and Pippin; this puts them all in conflict with the traitorous wizard Saruman's machinations. If Im not mistaken, he is Vanyar? Again Aragorn refuses it, apparently without any internal struggle whatsoever. We dont know any details about his activities in Rhn or his other easterly travels. Are there tables of wastage rates for different fruit and veg? :)#LordoftheRingsWhatIf #Saruman #WhatIfSaruman IIRC the idea of Galadriel taking it scared the bejeezus out of him. Virginia. He fought Uruk-hai (who had captured Merry and Pippin thinking they were Frodo) and were enroute to Isengard. Both the direct and symbolic aspects could have helped Saruman expand his empire by winning adherents and frightening potential opponents. If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? Exactly. And they are similar to, if slightly less powerful than, the Maiar? In The Lord of the Rings, the palantri corrupt nearly all who use them. (Letter 246). In Middle-earth history, it seems likely Saruman arrived before Gandalf did. He'd have used his bird spies to scour the area and sent out Uruks on wargs and men on horses. And in The Rings of Power, when the mystics realized their error, they said the Stranger is the Istarnot one of the Istari, the Istar, as if only one is present in Middle-earth right now. We look at sections of The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien's letters to answer the question - what would happen if Sauron reclaimed The One Ring? I know Letter 246 says Sauron himself did not fear the Ring, would not have hesitated to confront a Ring-wielding Frodo, and could easily have forced Frodo to hand the Ring over. Even if Theoden triumphed at Helm's Deep in this scenario, Saruman would be relatively safe in Isengard and Aragorn would not be able to look into the Palantir which is what led Sauron to focus his attention in Aragorn's direction and not around his own borders. A limit involving the quotient of two sums. He definitely volunteered to go to Middle-earth first. CK Goksoy - https://www.artstation.com/ckgoksoyIvan Cavini - https://www.ivancavini.comTed Nasmith - https://www.tednasmith.comPeter Xavier Price https://www.deviantart.com/peetAdam Middleton - https://www.artstation.com/adammiddMagali Villeneuve - http://www.magali-villeneuve.comThumbnail Art: \"Saruman\" - (Artist Unknown)\"Black Orcs, Uruk Hai\" - Skinny22\"The Ring\" - Helm1892Art in order of First appearance:Saruman - (Artist Unknown)Saruman with the Palantir kuliszuThe One Ring - benjamin-lindquistMiddle Earth KlaradoxWay to Mordor IribelIsengard Uruk - Tey BartolomeThe Riders of Rohan TurnerMohanSaruman OtisFramptonSaruman the White DanielGovarSauron The Lord of the Rings - William FaucherSaruman fanart - Samthalsabey-ArtSauron - AnotherStranger-MeSaruman the White - YoungPhoenix3191Saruman VihrushkaGandalf the White - Suzanne-Helmigh Saruman AlMaNeGrAFortress of Isengard monpuasajrBlack Orcs, Uruk Hai - Skinny22Helms Deep - Paul LasaineUruk-hai AlexBocaOne Ring to Rule Them All (LOTR) AnatoFinnstarkThe White Rider ralphdamianiEdoras AllrichArtSaruman - Cocoz42The One Ring - LOTR - Jimmy-AppeltSaruman the White adenryTheoden, King of Rohan ArtisAllanRohan peetAmon Din aegeriSaruman JleonardKSaruman jalvMinas Tirith SamscrapbookGandalf the White FacuamThe last march of the Ents GrazianoRoccataniThe Istari - Ivan Cavini(Gwaihir saves Gandalf - Miruna-Lavinia)(Ents TolyanMy)Treason of Isengard lostknightkgSaruman gaberoseartSaruman - KelseyMH33Merry and Pippin icanfeeltheearthturnSaruman of Many Colours TolmanCottonSaruman and the Palantir malibunnySaruman the White pfodraThe Five Istari (Wizards) - (Arist Unknown)Saruman - aquiles-soirBattle of Dale - (Artist Unknown)Sauron NynseiSaruman the White MattDeMinoOrc Warrior - (Artist Unknown)Nazgul StyooNazgul darekzabrockiSauron Jerry VandersteltUruk-Hai JHKrisSauron War of the Last Alliance MattDeMinoSaruman - malara-artWitch-king of Angmar - Vulpes-IbucultaSaruman LychnobiaSaruman - Concept-Art-HouseSauron-As He Sat The One Ring Upon His Finger IngvildSchageArt----------All content falls under fair use: any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and transformative purpose, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a copyrighted work.