Institutions, golf courses, sports fields these are just some examples of the locations we can rid of pests. However, plant species that use CAM photosynthesis not only avoid photorespiration, but are also very water-efficient. Whether your office needs a reliable exterminator or your home is under attack by a variety of rodents and insects, you dont need to fear anymore, because we are here to help you out. The electron circle is closed. Photosynthesis: Open Questions and What We Know Today, Allakhverdiev S. I., Rubin A. Direct link to Spandan's post In CAM cycle, doesn't the, Posted a year ago. Previously established peculiarities of carbon, A whole-plant open-system chamber was developed to measure CO2exchange inPhalaenopsis amabilis. Hydroponic farms are susceptible to power outages. In fact, according to the US Department of Energy, it may be able to yield 100 times more oil per acre than soybeans or other terrestrial oil-producing crops. Being more affordable than fossil fuels gives biomass the edge. Through photosynthesis, green plants and cyanobacteria are able to transfer sunlight energy to molecular reaction centers for conversion into chemical energy with nearly 100% efficiency. However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. Masaaki Yoshikawa, in Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides (Second Edition), 2013. What is the advantage of C4 photosynthesis? A likely explanation for this is that C4 plants arose later on the evolutionary timeline than C3 plants. Definition of a C3 pathway or Calvin cycle. The most important function of chloroplast is to make food by the process of photosynthesis. This procedure . At any point in time, any of these listed factors may end up being a Advantages and disadvantages on photosynthesis measuremen With continuous cutting down of trees, wild animals and birds that use these trees as their homes find themselves with nowhere to go. , , Modelling boreal forest CO2 exchange and seasonality, An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), REVIEWPhotosystem II Prompt uorescence Dedication, In Vivo Measurements of Light Emission in Plants, In vivo temperature response functions of parameters required to model RuBP-limited photosynthesis, Assessing Steady-state Fluorescence and PRI from Hyperspectral Proximal Sensing as Early Indicators of Plant Stress: The Case of Ozone Exposure, Published on Plants in Action Home > Printer-friendly PDF > Printer-friendly PDF, Retrieval of foliar information about plant pigment systems from high resolution spectroscopy, Remote sensing of sun-induced fluorescence to improve modeling of diurnal courses of gross primary production (GPP), Light dependence of quantum yields for PSII charge separation and oxygen evolution in eucaryotic algae, The controversy over the minimum quantum requirement for oxygen evolution, In Vivo Measurements of Light Emission in Plantsa, Photosynthetic electron transport and specific photoprotective responses in wheat leaves under drought stress, Experimental in vivo measurements of light emission in plants: a perspective dedicated to David Walker, Primary productivity of planet earth: biological determinants and physical constraints in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, Simple reflectance indices track heat and water stress-induced changes in steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence at the canopy scale, A novel system for spatial and temporal imaging of intrinsic plant water use efficiency, Shape of leaf photosynthetic electron transport versus temperature response curve is not constant along canopy light gradients in temperate deciduous trees, Why and how terrestrial plants exchange gases with air, Acclimation of isoprene emission and photosynthesis to growth temperature in hybrid aspen: resolving structural and physiological controls, Heat sensitivity of photosynthetic electron transport varies during the day due to changes in sugars and osmotic potential, Low induction of non-photochemical quenching and high photochemical efficiency in the annual desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica, Measuring seagrass photosynthesis: methods and applications, Chlorophyll-a Fluorescence in Ecology: Theoretical Considerations and Examples around Marine Macroalgae, Assessment of photoprotection mechanisms of grapevines at low temperature, Antisense reductions in the PsbO protein of photosystem II leads to decreased quantum yield but similar maximal photosynthetic rates, The Use of the Fluorescence Signal in Studies of Seagrasses and Macroalgae, Fluorescence induction in the phycobilisome-containing cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp PCC 7942: Analysis of the slow fluorescence transient, Estimation of Light-use Efficiency of Terrestrial Ecosystems from Space: A Status Report, Two Case Studies of Precision Horticulture Approaches in Citrus Production, Negative feedback regulation is responsible for the non-linear modulation of photosynthetic activity in plants and cyanobacteria exposed to a dynamic light environment, The rate of nitrite reduction in leaves as indicated by O2 and CO2 exchange during photosynthesis, Seasonal response of photosynthetic electron transport and energy dissipation in the eighth year of exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 (FACE) in Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Assimilation and allocation of carbon and nitrogen of thermal and nonthermal Agrostis species in response to high soil temperature, Xanthophyll cycle, light energy dissipation and electron transport in transgenic tobacco with reduced carbon assimilation capacity, Monitoring of cold and light stress impact on photosynthesis by using the laser induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) approach, Spatio-temporal variations of photosynthesis: the potential of optical remote sensing to better understand and scale light use efficiency and stresses of plant ecosystems, Dark-interval relaxation kinetics (DIRK) of absorbance changes as a quantitative probe of steady-state electron transfer, A Field Platform for Continuous Measurement of Canopy Fluorescence, Physiological Techniques to Analyze the Impact of Climate Change on Crop Plants (2017), Effect of internal leaf structures on gas exchange of leaves, Scientific and technical challenges in remote sensing of plant canopy reflectance and fluorescence, Estimating primary productivity of marine macroalgae in East Antarctica using in situ fluorometry, Analysis of Airborne Optical and Thermal Imagery for Detection of Water Stress Symptoms, MultispeQ Beta: a tool for large-scale plant phenotyping connected to the open PhotosynQ network, , Canopy chlorophyll fluorescence applied to stress detection using an easy-to-build micro-lidar, Estimating mesophyll conductance to CO2: methodology, potential errors, and recommendations, Effective use of high CO2 efflux at the soil surface in a tropical understory plant. For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/avY9B. The immediate post-illumination respiratory O2 uptake rate (THE AUTHORS') is higher in the beginning of the batch culture when the specific growth rate is highest, and this suggests that respiration could fulfill the maintenance requirements of the microalgal cells. Greenhouse gases support photosynthesis while keeping plant and animal life safe from harmful ultraviolet rays. Drought and high temperatures are key stress factors with high impact on cereal yields , and Rubisco, the central enzyme of photosynthesis, is disrupted if the temperature increases from 35 C, and stops the photosynthetic process . If the stomata is closed, the oxygen from photosynthesis will build up inside the leaf while the carbon dioxide will not get into the leaf. It covers the main ideas of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation, and the cell cycle/mitosis. However, several plants are tolerant of and have adapted to perform well under these conditions. Of about 300000 plants known on earth, 90% are C 3 plants, while the CAM and C 4-species constitute about 10% and 1%, respectively. PEP carboxylase attaches an incoming carbon dioxide molecul to the three-carbon molecule PEP, producing oxaloacetate (a four-carbon molecule). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Gauntlet Legends Walkthrough, Ohio Express Members, Dr Kong Shoes Canada, For example, it cannot take place in the shade and also at night. By . % Rubisco's oxygenase activity impairs photosynthetic efficiency. . ; The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. Higher plants transform sunlight energy to chemical energy by means of photosynthesis. 1. Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. However, these plants won't do very well in a very wet environment because they're used to opening their stomata for only small amounts of water. Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchyma with chloroplasts. Check Writing Quality. Direct link to celiaq18's post It could be argued that C, Posted 6 years ago. The majority of plants are. Carbon dioxide enters a mesophyll cell and is fixed immediately by rubisco, leading to the formation of 3-PGA molecules, which contain three carbons. Pagkakaiba ng pagsulat ng ulat at sulating pananaliksik? Photoautotroph Definition. spend all daylight to read, you can in point of fact endure it as advantages. What are the disadvantages of photosynthesis? This results in the rate of carbon dioxide uptake slowing (point E on the graph). Many plants will not grow well in soils that are constantly moist or wet. As soon as I realized what this was, I closed everything up andstarted looking for an exterminator who could help me out. CAM plants are typically dominant in very hot, dry areas, like deserts. bill bixby funeral. At low to medium irradiances (0300 mol photons m2 s1), there was a significant correlation between O2 evolution and ETR, but at higher irradiances, ETR continued to increase steadily, while O2 evolution tended towards an asymptote. Whole canopy CO2 exchange rate (CER) measurement systems have been adopted to study plant responses, e.g. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages, the first stage being towards light reaction and the second stage being the Calvin Benson Cycle. Mesophyll makes up most of the leaf's interior. New technology means production of biomass energy is more efficient and less . 1. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Lv 4. I see no reason for the bundle sheath cells to contain chloroplasts but the Calvin Cycle does occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts in C3 photosynthesis. How photosynthesis achieves this near instantaneous energy transfer is a . B., Shuvalov V.A. In some other plants, the stems also perform photosynthesis. While C3 photosynthesis has more room for improvement, our computer models . However, in nutrient-enriched treatments this ratio dropped to 5.1. 09. of 11. rate of photosynthesis C light intensity A B Fig. Disadvantage: limit of area (can not be done in shade); limit of This chapter is from unit 11 of plant physiology. C 4 photosynthesis has a number of distinct properties that enable the capture of CO 2 and its concentration in the vicinity of Rubisco, so as to reduce the oxygenase activity of Rubisco, and hence the rate of photorespiration. If so, Hunting Pest Services is definitely the one for you. Stomata are minute openings on the epidermis of leaves and stems. The process of photosynthesis release oxygen and therefore helps to maintain the CO2/O2 balance. Herein this is extended to re-parameterizing the response of RuBP-limited photosynthesis to temperature. Molecular catalysis plays an essential role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis (AP). Direct link to Neev's post no, because it uses PEP a, Posted 5 years ago. Almost all industries (see extensive list), including agriculture, forestry, colleges/universities, municipalities, hotels, resorts, sports venues, hospitals and correctional facilities, produce waste that can be converted to heat and electricity.. A September 2017 report by the U.S. Energy Information . (1997) reported the negative influence of heat stress on antioxidant enzymes in Zea mays . Ethanol energy is a type of biofuel derived from corn and other plant materials. Two methods of measuring ETR, based on either diel ambient light levels and fluorescence yields or rapid light curves, gave similar results at low to moderate irradiance levels. Harcourts Grenadier Avonhead, C3 photosynthesis is the original and most common type, while C4 photosynthesis has evolved more recently and is used by some plants as an adaptation to hot, dry conditions. CAM vegetation are very water use useful. Bill Koch Daughter, Claire Stoermer Height, There are some people who are into deforestation but do not follow the best practices of the method. Answer (1 of 4): If you are an obligate anaerobe, the by-product oxygen is a disadvantage, being toxic. There are two important adaptations . RuBP-limited photosynthesis is assumed to depend on the whole chain electron transport rate, which is described as a three-parameter non-rectangular hyperbolic function of photon flux. output Source(s): I'm a university student. Word Document File. The past 10 years have seen a major effort into improving photosynthesis with a justification that improvements in crop yields need to be quick and large because of the yield plateauing of major crops. Sagittarius Lucky Day Of The Week, Plus, electricity created with solar panels does not produce any greenhouse gas emissions. A very little amount of water is lost by transpiration through lenticels. Mexico City Traffic Cameras, Download. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants prepare their own food in the presence of water, chlorophyll, sunlight, and CO2. Involves only Photosystem I (PS I) Involves both Photosystem I and II (PS I and PS II) 3. Seattle Grace: On Call, Carbon is oxidised, as opposed to photosynthesis, which converts carbon to glucose. You may not compulsion . Disadvantage: limit of area (can not be done in shade); limit of time (can not be done in the night) (2) $2.00. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. adequate for them to stay alive , therefore , these plants do not grow very fast , like in Cactus. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. C 4 photosynthesis has a number of distinct properties that enable the capture of CO 2 and its concentration in the vicinity of Rubisco, so as to reduce the oxygenase activity of Rubisco, and hence the rate of photorespiration. Yahoo ist Teil von Verizon Media. This chapter, which also deals with the history of fluorometers, is dedicated to David Walker (19282012), who was a pioneer in the field of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. . Why is it that C3 plants are more abundant in nature than C4 plants? E) Photosynthesis provides glucose (CH20) to herbivores in the environment. It results to taking life. How the C4 and CAM pathways help minimize photorespiration. Chlorophyll absorbs light and transfers its energy to parts of the plant that can use that energy. This could kill plants, animals, and other living things. In addition to fluorometers, other instruments have been developed to measure other signals, such as delayed fluorescence, originating mainly from PS II, and light-induced absorbance changes due to the photo-oxidation of the reaction center P700 of PS I, measured as absorption decrease (photobleaching) at about 705 nm, or increase at 820 nm. Materials used for artificial photosynthesis often corrode in water, so they may be less stable than photovoltaics over long periods of time. What is the time signature of the song Atin Cu Pung Singsing? The regions where these crops are grown in are often hot and dry, meaning they could benefit from the energy-saving mechanisms of C4 photosynthesis. But the disadvantage of this method is that , the simple products produced in these plants , are only. Some of these Most hydrogen catalysts are very sensitive to oxygen, being inactivated or degraded in its presence; also, photodamage may occur over time. Green plants and photosynthetic bacteria are examples of photoautotrophs. When almost all the CO2 is utilized there will be much higher quantity of O2 compared to CO2. We are a Claremont, CA situated business that delivers the leading pest control service in the area. This process occurs mainly in the leaves of the plants. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Dams provide us with a source of clean energy. The response of photosynthesis (at 250 gE m- 2 s- ~) to dust on the upper surface was similar to that on the lower surface, but was a little less and not quite significant. NNehring / Getty Images. disadvantages of photosynthesis in points. The ecological importance of photosynthesis. Craigslist Motorcycles Kalamazoo, Constructivist teaching is a method of teaching based on the constructivism learning theory. Disadvantages include: Materials used for artificial photosynthesis often corrode in water, so they may be less stable than photovoltaics over long periods of time. 1. If you are interested in finding out more about our services, feel free to contact us right away! Dies geschieht in Ihren Datenschutzeinstellungen. The efficiency of simple photovoltaic cells - solar panels - is limited by semiconductors' ability to absorb light energy and by the cell's ability to produce power. The oxaloacetate is converted to another organic acid, such as malate. Direct link to goell21's post What would be the result , Posted 3 years ago. C 3-photosynthesis is a feature of even the primitive lower groups and appears to have evolved much earlier than the CAM or C 4 pathway. These parameters closely predicted the response of RuBP-limited photosynthesis to temperature measured in both lemon and poplar and showed a significant improvement over predictions based on earlier parameterizations. When it comes to photosynthesis, there are two types that plants can use: C3 and C4. Measurements of this process are useful in order to. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants prepare their own food in the presence of water, chlorophyll, sunlight, and CO2. 3-PGA is a normal intermediate of the Calvin cycle, but phosphoglycolate cannot enter the cycle, so its two carbons are removed, or "stolen . What is the rising action of faith love and dr lazaro? Malate dehydrogenase you can start learning more about two different forms of this enzyme in the following wikipedia links: The plant in which water use efficiency is higher is. Disadvantages include little or no sunlight for photosynthesis and oxygen production, little light for seeing, requiring bioluminesence in some cases. C 3. Definition of a C3 pathway or Calvin cycle. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities.This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water hence the name photosynthesis, from (I cant write a chemical equation as I cant find a way of writing subscript in aus oder whlen Sie 'Einstellungen verwalten', um weitere Informationen zu erhalten und eine Auswahl zu treffen. Guaranteed Reliability and Proven Results! Limited area. Viruses are used as templates for organizing materials on a nanoscale. Blue Tv For Firestick, Does Jerry Seinfeld have Parkinson's disease? stream Determining the rate of photorespiratory release of oxygen (Rl) has previously only been possible by isotopic methods, now, by combining gas exchange and fluorescence measurements, Rl may be determined simply and routinely in the field. Deuterium content inside the tropics in rain water is massively different and this has huge implications to plant food webs and acidity More deuterium means more acidity and inflammatory effect due to the kinetic isotope effect of the extra atomic mass in deuterium compared to H+. Direct link to liyaalhayat's post Why is it that C3 plants, Posted a year ago. Does the Calvin Cycle in C4 photosynthesis occur in the cytoplasm of the bundle sheath cells? no, because it uses PEP and not Rubisco, which cannot take O2. List of Disadvantages of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. j((N@P^B But similar organisms must be put together. 2. C3 cycle is less efficient in Photosynthetic energy fixation due to the presence of photorespiration. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Ano ang Imahinasyong guhit na naghahati sa daigdig sa magkaibang araw? The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. The leaf model of C3 photosynthesis of Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry (Planta 149, 7890, 1980) provides the basis for scaling carbon exchange from leaf to canopy and Earth-System models, and is widely used to project biosphere responses to global change. Medicinal benefits. Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity can affect the rate . Direct link to Mirte Graaf's post Does the Calvin Cycle in , Posted 6 years ago. 2.Lenticular Transpiration. Roque Osornio-Rios. What makes Hunting Pest Services stand out from any other pest services provider is not only the quality of the results we deliver but also our versatility. The leaf model assumes that photosynthetic CO2 uptake within a leaf is either limited by the rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration or the activity of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco). 5.3: The Calvin Cycle. How much does does a 100 dollar roblox gift card get you in robhx? The electron circle is closed. Herein these three parameters are determined from simultaneous measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 exchange of tobacco leaves, at temperatures from 10 to 40 C. There are several types of light emission in plants: prompt fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, thermoluminescence, and phosphorescence. sofia the first: forever royal part 2; chef saul montiel recipes. 0 0. There is also little conclusive research that points to the absolute security of underground carbon dioxide storage. How Much Does It Cost To Buy Airtime On Tv, When sunlight reaches the surface of a green leaf, it sets off a reaction inside the leaf. Advantages and Disadvantages of Linear Programming. Give several actual examples of each type of organism . But like everything, it is not a perfect process. III. Carbon dioxide, water and light are all needed for photosynthesis to take place. Klipsch Sw-350 Amplifier, C3 plants include some of the most important sources of calories all over the world: cowpea, cassava, soybean, and rice. 2. Light filter inactivation of the light-harvesting complex carotenoids siphonoxanthin and siphonein reduced net starch synthesis by 68 % and was discussed in relation to photosynthesis in an intertidal zone environment. The bacteriophages in the sewage have the ability to systematically decompose the . The high temperature will make the plant close its stomata to reduce water loss by evaporation. like the photosynthesis are in carrots roots. C3 and C4 photosynthesis. C4 plants use this 4-carbon compound to effectively "concentrate" CO2 around rubisco, so that rubisco is less likely re react with O2. Answer 0 outlets If you use chemicals to kill insects, you could risk getting the chemicals in unwanted areas. 8 0 obj Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. C4 plant lose 277 molecules of water to fix per molecules of co2 as compared to c3 use 833 molecules of water approximately at 30 c. They also avoid photorespiration process. Photosynthetic organisms, including plants, algae, and some bacteria, play a key ecological role. Kauna unahang parabula na inilimbag sa bhutan? Examples of C4 Plants Reforestation activities promote the gradual depletion of CO2 from the atmosphere through absorption during photosynthesis. However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. Do you urgently need a company that can help you out? Pat Cashin Funeral Notices, Also, These points tell us why are greenhouse gases important for our planet. Advantages and disadvantages on photosynthesis measurement techniques: A review. C4 cycle is more efficient than C3 cycle in photosynthesis due to the absence of photorespiration. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post Many plants will not grow, Posted 5 years ago. With the increasing buzz around climate change and global warming, the whole idea of the greenhouse effect is being . An advantage of C 2 photosynthesis is the ability to exploit native genes and alter only their regulation and expression, as all required genes are present in C 3 species (Lundgren . Just as a plant works hard to convert carbon dioxide . "A higher concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere would aid photosynthesis, which . Speed is the key as the transfer of the solar energy takes place almost instantaneously such that little energy is wasted as heat. Chloroplast Function Key Points . Leave a Comment / Computer Networks / By Zainab Sutarwala. Biomass energy is a renewable source of fuel that can be used to heat homes, power vehicles or as an alternative for fossil fuels. 4. This assignment is used as a quiz or homework assignment to go along with the PowerPoint notes titled "Photosynthesis and Cell Processes". Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for plants of living in an aqueous environment compared to a terrestrial one? The beneficial effects of CO 2 supplementation does not always translate into . These cookies do not store any personal information. Abstract. This might be a bad question, but is there a difference in the equations for each path of photosynthesis? 2020 Pre-med Undergraduate Intern Program. The first step of the Calvin cycle is the fixation of carbon dioxide by rubisco, and plants that use only this "standard" mechanism of carbon fixation are called plants, for the three-carbon compound (3-PGA) the reaction produces. Frigidaire Microwave Demo Mode, C4 have higher water efficiency than C3 plants. C3 plants include some of the most important sources of calories all over the world: cowpea, cassava, soybean, and rice. It could be argued that CAM plants are the most efficient because they create the most amount of energy from the least amount of water. The oxaloacetate is converted to malate, which travels out of the mesophyll cell and into a neighboring bundle-sheath. Because C4 plant fix more co2 as compare to the C3 plant due to having kranz anatomy. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that takes place inside a plant, producing food for the plant to survive. Animals depend on it, and so do people. AbstractNowadays cyanobacterial blooms in open reservoirs and estuaries became one of the most important ecological problem. E-mail: irineo.torres@uaq.mx. For example, the regeneration of PEP in the C 4 pathway (Figure 4) leads to . Ford Festiva Race Car, 4. Damit Verizon Media und unsere Partner Ihre personenbezogenen Daten verarbeiten knnen, whlen Sie bitte 'Ich stimme zu.' Irineo Pacheco. Chloroplasts, energized by the light, trigger the production of chemical productsessentially sugarswhich store the energy such that the plant can later access it for its biological needs. Direct link to Angelarpita54's post Which type of plants are , Posted 5 years ago. The disadvantages of Green house effect: Since green house gases helps to maintain the temperature, the primary effect of the increase in greenhouse gases would be on climate. The model formulation is crucial in decision-making because it captures the core of the business choice problem. \text C_3 C3. Advantage: provide energy; provide oxygen; help the growth of the plant. In CAM cycle, doesn't the oxygen produced in light dependent reaction cause photorespiration (the stomata is closed)? Ekaterina Gordeeva Illness, The C 3 C 4 intermediate, F. floridana, exhibited a C 3 like photosynthetic temperature dependence, except for relatively higher photosynthesis rates at warm leaf Whistling Past The Graveyard Superstition, What are the advantages or disadvantages of photosynthesis? Leaves are the location of photosynthesis in many plants. That's because the organic acids are transported out of the vacuole and broken down to release. Saleen Parts Catalog, 1 0. ortiz. Characteristics of Photosynthesis in C 3, C 4 and CAM plants Characteristic C 3 Plant C 4 Plant CAM Plant Photorespiration Yes Little none Lower temp limit for photorespiration 15-25 o C 30-40 o C-----Rubisco present Yes Yes Yes PEP Carboxylase present No Yes Yes Initial CO 2 fixation directly into Calvin Cycle via Rubisco into OAA via PEP carboxylase, then to malic acid which Temperature 2.Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 3.Light 4.Intensity 5.Quality 6.Duration 7.Oxygen 8.Water 9.Mineral Elements 10.Air Pollutants 11.Chemical Compounds 12.Chlorophyll Contents 13.Protoplasmic Factor 14.Accumulation of Carbohydrates 15.. It helps prevent soil erosion.